pub trait Error: Debug + Display {
    // Provided methods
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { ... }
    fn description(&self) -> &str { ... }
    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> { ... }
    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, demand: &mut Demand<'a>) { ... }
}
Available on non-crate feature miri-test-libstd only.
Expand description

Error is a trait representing the basic expectations for error values, i.e., values of type E in Result<T, E>.

Errors must describe themselves through the Display and Debug traits. Error messages are typically concise lowercase sentences without trailing punctuation:

let err = "NaN".parse::<u32>().unwrap_err();
assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "invalid digit found in string");

Errors may provide cause information. Error::source() is generally used when errors cross “abstraction boundaries”. If one module must report an error that is caused by an error from a lower-level module, it can allow accessing that error via Error::source(). This makes it possible for the high-level module to provide its own errors while also revealing some of the implementation for debugging.

Provided Methods§

1.30.0 · source

fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>

The lower-level source of this error, if any.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SuperError {
    source: SuperErrorSideKick,
}

impl fmt::Display for SuperError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "SuperError is here!")
    }
}

impl Error for SuperError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        Some(&self.source)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SuperErrorSideKick;

impl fmt::Display for SuperErrorSideKick {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "SuperErrorSideKick is here!")
    }
}

impl Error for SuperErrorSideKick {}

fn get_super_error() -> Result<(), SuperError> {
    Err(SuperError { source: SuperErrorSideKick })
}

fn main() {
    match get_super_error() {
        Err(e) => {
            println!("Error: {e}");
            println!("Caused by: {}", e.source().unwrap());
        }
        _ => println!("No error"),
    }
}
source

fn description(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.42.0: use the Display impl or to_string()
if let Err(e) = "xc".parse::<u32>() {
    // Print `e` itself, no need for description().
    eprintln!("Error: {e}");
}
source

fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error>

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting
source

fn provide<'a>(&'a self, demand: &mut Demand<'a>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Provides type based access to context intended for error reports.

Used in conjunction with Demand::provide_value and Demand::provide_ref to extract references to member variables from dyn Error trait objects.

Example
#![feature(provide_any)]
#![feature(error_generic_member_access)]
use core::fmt;
use core::any::Demand;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct MyBacktrace {
    // ...
}

impl MyBacktrace {
    fn new() -> MyBacktrace {
        // ...
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SourceError {
    // ...
}

impl fmt::Display for SourceError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "Example Source Error")
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for SourceError {}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Error {
    source: SourceError,
    backtrace: MyBacktrace,
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "Example Error")
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for Error {
    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, demand: &mut Demand<'a>) {
        demand
            .provide_ref::<MyBacktrace>(&self.backtrace)
            .provide_ref::<dyn std::error::Error + 'static>(&self.source);
    }
}

fn main() {
    let backtrace = MyBacktrace::new();
    let source = SourceError {};
    let error = Error { source, backtrace };
    let dyn_error = &error as &dyn std::error::Error;
    let backtrace_ref = dyn_error.request_ref::<MyBacktrace>().unwrap();

    assert!(core::ptr::eq(&error.backtrace, backtrace_ref));
}

Implementations§

source§

impl<'a> dyn Error + 'a

source

pub fn request_ref<T>(&'a self) -> Option<&'a T>where T: 'static + ?Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Request a reference of type T as context about this error.

source

pub fn request_value<T>(&'a self) -> Option<T>where T: 'static,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Request a value of type T as context about this error.

source§

impl dyn Error + 'static

1.3.0 · source

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> boolwhere T: Error + 'static,

Returns true if the inner type is the same as T.

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: Error + 'static,

Returns some reference to the inner value if it is of type T, or None if it isn’t.

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>where T: Error + 'static,

Returns some mutable reference to the inner value if it is of type T, or None if it isn’t.

source§

impl dyn Error + Send + 'static

1.3.0 · source

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> boolwhere T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

source

pub fn request_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: 'static + ?Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Request a reference of type T as context about this error.

source

pub fn request_value<T>(&self) -> Option<T>where T: 'static,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Request a value of type T as context about this error.

source§

impl dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'static

1.3.0 · source

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> boolwhere T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

source

pub fn request_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>where T: 'static + ?Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Request a reference of type T as context about this error.

source

pub fn request_value<T>(&self) -> Option<T>where T: 'static,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Request a value of type T as context about this error.

source§

impl dyn Error + 'static

source

pub fn sources(&self) -> Source<'_>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_iter)

Returns an iterator starting with the current error and continuing with recursively calling Error::source.

If you want to omit the current error and only use its sources, use skip(1).

Examples
#![feature(error_iter)]
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct A;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct B(Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static>>);

impl fmt::Display for A {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "A")
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for B {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "B")
    }
}

impl Error for A {}

impl Error for B {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        self.0.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref())
    }
}

let b = B(Some(Box::new(A)));

// let err : Box<Error> = b.into(); // or
let err = &b as &(dyn Error);

let mut iter = err.sources();

assert_eq!("B".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
assert_eq!("A".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
source§

impl dyn Error + Send + 'static

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Send + 'static, Global> ) -> Result<Box<T, Global>, Box<dyn Error + Send + 'static, Global>>where T: Error + 'static,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

source§

impl dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'static

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'static, Global> ) -> Result<Box<T, Global>, Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'static, Global>>where T: Error + 'static,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

source§

impl dyn Error + 'static

1.3.0 · source

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global> ) -> Result<Box<T, Global>, Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>>where T: Error + 'static,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

Trait Implementations§

1.6.0 · source§

impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
source§

impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
1.22.0 · source§

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
1.22.0 · source§

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
source§

impl<'a, E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a, Global>where E: Error + 'a,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a, Global>

Converts a type of Error into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
source§

impl<'a, E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>where E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a,

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Converts a type of Error + Send + Sync into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

unsafe impl Send for AnError {}

unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
§

impl From<Error> for Box<dyn Error + Send + 'static, Global>

§

fn from(e: Error) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + 'static, Global>

Converts to this type from the input type.
1.6.0 · source§

impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
source§

impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'static, Global>

Available on non-no_global_oom_handling only.
source§

fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'static, Global>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
§

impl Value for dyn Error + 'static

Available on crate feature std only.
§

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.
§

impl Value for dyn Error + Send + 'static

Available on crate feature std only.
§

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.
§

impl Value for dyn Error + Sync + 'static

Available on crate feature std only.
§

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.
§

impl Value for dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'static

Available on crate feature std only.
§

fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.

Implementors§

source§

impl !Error for &str

source§

impl Error for kvarn::encryption::Error

1.8.0 · source§

impl Error for Infallible

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impl Error for VarError

1.15.0 · source§

impl Error for std::sync::mpsc::RecvTimeoutError

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impl Error for std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError

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impl Error for BernoulliError

Available on crate feature std only.
source§

impl Error for WeightedError

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for !

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impl Error for AllocError

1.28.0 · source§

impl Error for LayoutError

1.34.0 · source§

impl Error for TryFromSliceError

1.13.0 · source§

impl Error for BorrowError

1.13.0 · source§

impl Error for BorrowMutError

1.34.0 · source§

impl Error for CharTryFromError

1.9.0 · source§

impl Error for DecodeUtf16Error

1.20.0 · source§

impl Error for ParseCharError

1.59.0 · source§

impl Error for TryFromCharError

1.69.0 · source§

impl Error for FromBytesUntilNulError

1.17.0 · source§

impl Error for FromBytesWithNulError

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impl Error for ParseFloatError

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impl Error for ParseIntError

1.34.0 · source§

impl Error for TryFromIntError

1.66.0 · source§

impl Error for TryFromFloatSecsError

1.11.0 · source§

impl Error for kvarn::prelude::fmt::Error

source§

impl Error for InvalidHeaderName

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impl Error for InvalidHeaderValue

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impl Error for ToStrError

source§

impl Error for kvarn::prelude::io::Error

1.56.0 · source§

impl Error for WriterPanicked

1.4.0 · source§

impl Error for kvarn::prelude::net::AddrParseError

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impl Error for ParseBoolError

source§

impl Error for Utf8Error

source§

impl Error for InvalidUri

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impl Error for InvalidUriParts

source§

impl Error for KeyRejected

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for Unspecified

Available on crate feature std only.
1.57.0 · source§

impl Error for TryReserveError

1.58.0 · source§

impl Error for FromVecWithNulError

1.7.0 · source§

impl Error for IntoStringError

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impl Error for NulError

source§

impl Error for FromUtf8Error

source§

impl Error for FromUtf16Error

source§

impl Error for JoinPathsError

1.7.0 · source§

impl Error for StripPrefixError

source§

impl Error for ExitStatusError

source§

impl Error for std::sync::mpsc::RecvError

1.26.0 · source§

impl Error for AccessError

1.8.0 · source§

impl Error for SystemTimeError

source§

impl Error for CompressError

source§

impl Error for DecompressError

source§

impl Error for getrandom::error::Error

source§

impl Error for h2::error::Error

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impl Error for http::error::Error

source§

impl Error for InvalidMethod

source§

impl Error for InvalidStatusCode

source§

impl Error for log::ParseLevelError

Available on crate feature std only.
source§

impl Error for SetLoggerError

Available on crate feature std only.
source§

impl Error for FromStrError

source§

impl Error for ParseBigIntError

Available on crate feature std only.
source§

impl Error for uuid::error::Error

source§

impl Error for rand::rngs::adapter::read::ReadError

source§

impl Error for rand_core::error::Error

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for Aborted

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for AcquireError

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impl Error for AddrParseError

Available on crate feature std only.

Requires the std feature.

§

impl Error for AnyDelimiterCodecError

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impl Error for Canceled

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for CapacityError

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impl Error for ComponentRange

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for ConfigError

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impl Error for ConnectError

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impl Error for ConnectionError

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impl Error for ConnectionError

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impl Error for ConversionRange

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for DecodeError

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for DecodeError

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for DecodeSliceError

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for DerConstraint

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for DifferentVariant

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for Elapsed

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impl Error for EncodeSliceError

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for EnterError

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impl Error for Error

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impl Error for Error

Available on crate feature std only.

Requires the std feature.

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impl Error for Error

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impl Error for Error

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for Error

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for Error

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impl Error for Error

§

impl Error for Error

§

impl Error for Error

§

impl Error for Error

§

impl Error for Error

§

impl Error for FinishError

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impl Error for Format

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for IndeterminateOffset

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for InvalidBufferSize

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for InvalidDnsNameError

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impl Error for InvalidDnsNameError

Available on crate feature std only.

Requires the std feature.

§

impl Error for InvalidFormatDescription

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for InvalidLength

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for InvalidOutputSize

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for InvalidVariant

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for JoinError

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impl Error for LengthDelimitedCodecError

§

impl Error for LinesCodecError

§

impl Error for PEMError

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impl Error for Parse

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for ParseAlphabetError

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for ParseFromDescription

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for ParseLevelError

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for ParseLevelFilterError

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for PredicateError

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impl Error for ProtocolError

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impl Error for PushError

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impl Error for ReadError

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impl Error for ReadError

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impl Error for ReadError

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impl Error for ReadExactError

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impl Error for ReadToEndError

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impl Error for ReadableError

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impl Error for RecvError

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impl Error for RecvError

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impl Error for RecvError

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impl Error for RecvError

§

impl Error for RecvTimeoutError

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impl Error for ReuniteError

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impl Error for ReuniteError

§

impl Error for SelectTimeoutError

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impl Error for SendDatagramError

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impl Error for SendDatagramError

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impl Error for SendDatagramError

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impl Error for SendError

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impl Error for SendStreamError

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impl Error for SerializeError

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impl Error for SetGlobalDefaultError

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for SignError

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impl Error for SpawnError

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for SpecificationError

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl Error for StoppedError

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impl Error for TlsError

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impl Error for TryAcquireError

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impl Error for TryCurrentError

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impl Error for TryFromParsed

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl Error for TryLockError

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impl Error for TryRecvError

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impl Error for TryRecvError

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impl Error for TryRecvError

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impl Error for TryRecvError

§

impl Error for TryRecvError

§

impl Error for TrySelectError

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impl Error for UnknownStream

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impl Error for UnknownStream

§

impl Error for UrlError

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impl Error for VarIntBoundsExceeded

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impl Error for WriteError

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impl Error for WriteError

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impl Error for X509Error

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impl<'a> Error for BufReadDecoderError<'a>

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impl<'a> Error for DecodeError<'a>

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impl<'a, K, V> Error for alloc::collections::btree::map::entry::OccupiedError<'a, K, V, Global>where K: Debug + Ord, V: Debug,

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impl<'a, K, V> Error for std::collections::hash::map::OccupiedError<'a, K, V>where K: Debug, V: Debug,

1.51.0 · source§

impl<'a, T> Error for &'a Twhere T: Error + ?Sized,

§

impl<E> Error for Err<E>where E: Debug,

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl<I> Error for Error<I>where I: Debug + Display,

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl<I> Error for VerboseError<I>where I: Debug + Display,

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl<T> Error for std::sync::mpsc::TrySendError<T>where T: Send,

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impl<T> Error for std::sync::poison::TryLockError<T>

1.52.0 · source§

impl<T> Error for Arc<T>where T: Error + ?Sized,

1.8.0 · source§

impl<T> Error for Box<T, Global>where T: Error,

source§

impl<T> Error for ThinBox<T>where T: Error + ?Sized,

source§

impl<T> Error for std::sync::mpsc::SendError<T>where T: Send,

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impl<T> Error for PoisonError<T>

source§

impl<T> Error for TryFromBigIntError<T>where T: Debug,

Available on crate feature std and has_try_from only.
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impl<T> Error for PollSendError<T>where T: Debug,

§

impl<T> Error for ReuniteError<T>where T: Any,

Available on crate feature std only.
§

impl<T> Error for SendError<T>

§

impl<T> Error for SendError<T>

§

impl<T> Error for SendError<T>where T: Send,

§

impl<T> Error for SendError<T>where T: Debug,

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impl<T> Error for SendTimeoutError<T>

Available on crate feature time only.
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impl<T> Error for SendTimeoutError<T>where T: Send,

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impl<T> Error for SetError<T>where T: Debug,

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impl<T> Error for TrySendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for TrySendError<T>where T: Any,

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impl<T> Error for TrySendError<T>where T: Send,

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impl<T, E> Error for TryChunksError<T, E>where E: Debug + Display,

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl<T, Item> Error for ReuniteError<T, Item>where T: Any,

Available on crate feature std only.
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impl<W> Error for IntoInnerError<W>where W: Send + Debug,

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impl<const N: usize> Error for GetManyMutError<N>